Paleozoic periods

In conclusion, the Yosemite National Park’s geologic history dates back to the assembling of California during the Paleozoic period. During this period, California was submerged west of North America. Due to tectonic forces, a deep trench located west of the park was formed, and massive volcanic eruptions began during this period.

The temperature of a planet is linked with the diversity of life that it can support. MIT geologists have now reconstructed a timeline of the Earth’s temperature during the early Paleozoic era, between 510 and 440 million years ago — a pivotal period when animals became abundant in a previously microbe-dominated world.Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and... Tertiary Period. Tertiary Period, former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.During the early part of the Paleozoic Era (approximately 600 million to 350 million years ago), broad, relatively shallow seas repeatedly inundated the Texas Craton and much of North and West Texas. The evidence for these events is found exposed around the Llano Uplift and in far West Texas near Van Horn and El Paso, and also in the subsurface ... The meaning of PALEOZOIC is of, relating to, originating in, or being an era of geologic history that extends from the beginning of the Cambrian to the close of the Permian and is marked by the culmination of nearly all classes of invertebrates except the insects and in the later epochs by the appearance of terrestrial plants, amphibians, and reptiles; also : relating to the corresponding ...The Permian period lasted from 299 to 251 million years ago* and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The distinction between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is made at the end of the Permian in recognition of the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth. It affected many groups of organisms in many different ...Paleozoic Era. Paleozoic Era, from approximately 543 to 252 MYA, is divided into these Periods: Cambrian - 543 to 505 MYA; The first Period of this Era is named the Cambrian and is known for the ...Well, I think I’ve found the answer. I hope you remember your geological time, because after a bit of thinking, I’ve come to the conclusion that Khrysalis is based on the Paleozoic era, specifically the Carboniferous period, with elements of the early Triassic. The Carboniferous period is sometimes also known as the ‘Age of Plants,’ and ...

The Paleozoic Era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods, each with characteristic groups of fossils. The Cambrian Period saw the explosion of new kinds of invertebrate animals in the oceans, including trilobites (Figure 2), primitive kinds of shellfish, including brachiopods and molluscs, and other groups of invertebrates that failed to survive ...Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the only reason. In this video, SciShow explains a few other reasons you might skip a period. Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the on...Fish - Evolution, Paleontology, Adaptation: The earliest vertebrate fossils of certain relationships are jawless fishes (superclass Agnatha, order Heterostraci) from the Upper Ordovician. The next class of fishes to appear were jawed vertebrates of the Acanthodii, which arose in the Late Silurian. The placoderms flourished for about 60 million years …Ordovician Period, Paleozoic Era, Phanerozoic Eon [485 Myr - 444 Myr ] The Ordovician and Cambrian Periods are referred to as the "age of invertebrates", with trilobites abundant. In this period, brachiopods became more abundant that the trilobites, but all but one species of them are extinct today.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the word 'Cambrian' sometimes called?, What Paleozoic period is named after mountains in wales?, What period in the Paleozoic period is dominated by well-rounded, well-sorted quartz grains. and more.Oct 28, 2012 · Ordovician Period. The Cambrian* Period begins the Phanerozoic Eon, the last 542 million years during which fossils with hard parts have existed. It is the first division of the Paleozoic Era (542Ma -251Ma). Marine animals with mineralized skeletons make their first appearance in the shallow seas of the Cambrian, though only "small shelly ...

Paleozoic Periods 251 my Permian Late Carboniferous Devonian Middl Silurian Ordovician Invereebaare animals without backbones. So many Cambrian kinds of invertebrates lived in Early Paleozoic 542 oceans that this time is often called the age Figure 7 The Paleozoic era lasted for 291 million years. of invertebrates. It is divided into six periods.Another mountain uplift event occurred about 300 million years ago forming the “Ancestral Rocky Mountains” during the Pennsylvanian Period, followed by erosion of the Paleozoic Period sediments. From the middle of the Permian Period to the end of the Cretaceous Period about 65 million years ago, erosion and intermittent coverage by seas continued …Jul 5, 2023 · Common Paleozoic fossils include trilobites and cephalopods, as well as insects and ferns. The greatest mass extinction in Earth's history ended this era. Paleozoic Resources. The Paleozoic Era is further divided in to seven periods/sub-periods: the Cambrian, the Ordovician, the Silurian, the Devonian, the Mississippian, the Pennsylvanian, the ...

Ooze vape pen blinking green.

Paleozoic Era · All · Cambrian Period · Ordovician Period · Silurian Period · Devonian Period · Carboniferous Period · Permian Period.THE PALEOZOIC ERA (545-250 million years ago) This period saw the evolution of life from single celled organisms to bony fish and sharks. A rapid increase in the number of shark species occurred during this time. In an age called the Carboniferous some sharks evolved weird and crazy appendages.The earliest occurrence of trees in the fossil record occurred during which Paleozoic period? A. Devonian B. Mississippian C. Ordovician D. Pennsylvanian and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 2. What term describes a shallow sea covering interior parts of a continent? A. Continental Sea B. Epicontinental Sea ...The Paleozoic rock layers are more than 1,500 feet thick in some places and were deposited over a span of 130 million years during the three geologic time periods known as the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Devonian (Fig. 2). The manner in which they were deposited varied through time, and is described in greater detail in two parts:

Paleozoic Era, or Palaeozoic Era, Major interval of geologic time, c. 542–251 million years ago. From the Greek for “ancient life,” it is the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon and is …Paleozoic animals lived during the Paleozoic era, a huge stretch of time extending from the beginning of the Cambrian period, 542 million years ago, to the catastrophic Permian-Triassic extinction, about 251 million years ago.The era encompasses six geologic periods, and from youngest to oldest, they are: Cambrian, Ordovician, …3 Eki 2008 ... The Paleozoic Era encompasses more than half of the Phanerozoic Eon, featuring some of the most intriguing unanswered questions in Earth history ...During the early Paleozoic three small continents— Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica—split apart from the rest of the supercontinent Gondwana and formed the Lapetus Ocean in between. Through the Ordovician period, the continents continued to drift and by the Silurian Period, Baltica collided with Laurentia, an event that resulted in today’s …The Permian period lasted from 299 to 251 million years ago* and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The distinction between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is made at the end of the Permian in recognition of the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth. It affected many groups of organisms in many different ...There's a massive range of period products to take traveling with you. Many you may not know about. Here are our favorites. When it comes to needing period products, tampons are the go-to option for most. They’re small, comfortable, and eas...the Mesozoic- Cenozoic periods [43, 44]. Previous studies suggest that four regional source rocks are developed in the Meso-zoic- Paleozoic periods in the SYSB, including the Early Cambrian Hetang Formation, Lat e Ordovician Wufeng Formation, Early Silurian Gaojiabian Formation, and Late Permian Longtan- Dalong formations [ 45-47].Causes. It's not entirely certain why Earth's atmosphere changed dramatically 200 million years ago. Scientists believe a series of large volcanic eruptions about 201 million years ago were the cause. These eruptions left huge lava flows along the edges of the North Atlantic and released a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere.The Devonian period is a geological interval in the Paleozoic Era that spans between the Silurian and the Carboniferous. It marks the first transition of vascular plants and certain animals from ...Periods. Just as eons are subdivided into eras, eras are subdivided into units of time called periods. The most well known of all geological periods is the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era (the movie Jurassic Park, of course, has something to do with that). The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods. In conclusion, the Yosemite National Park’s geologic history dates back to the assembling of California during the Paleozoic period. During this period, California was submerged west of North America. Due to tectonic forces, a deep trench located west of the park was formed, and massive volcanic eruptions began during this period.The term ‘Paleozoic’ has been derived from Greek words: palaiosmeaning ‘ancient’ and zoe meaning ‘life’. This era spans around 200 million years from about 542 to 252 M.A. (million years ago), and is the largest one in terms of time-span. It’s the first era of the Phanerozoic Eon, marking the beginning of life on our planet.

It is the period when Pangaea was broken and the Tethys Sea came into existence. It marks the beginning of life on the earth’s surface. The rocks of this is the period saw plenty of fossil evidences. These are seen in all geological formations from this period. They also indicated marine conditions in these Paleozoic rocks in India.

Oceanic conditions and biological richness resulted in the greatest production of carbonate during the Paleozoic Era. The Devonian saw major evolutionary advancements by fishes with diversification and dominance in both marine and fresh water environments—the Devonian is also known as the “Age of Fishes.”. Jawless fish and …The earliest occurrence of trees in the fossil record occurred during which Paleozoic period? A. Devonian B. Mississippian C. Ordovician D. Pennsylvanian and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 2. What term describes a shallow sea covering interior parts of a continent? A. Continental Sea B. Epicontinental Sea ...During the early part of the Paleozoic Era (approximately 600 million to 350 million years ago), broad, relatively shallow seas repeatedly inundated the Texas Craton and much of North and West Texas. The evidence for these events is found exposed around the Llano Uplift and in far West Texas near Van Horn and El Paso, and also in the subsurface ...In addition to the relative dating of periods in Earth's history for which we have rocks preserved, geologists are now able to assign absolute age dates to critical intervals. In the Geologic Time Scale, time is generally divided on the basis of the earth's biotic composition, with the Phanerozoic Eon (i.e. the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic ...During the Paleozoic Era (541 to 252 million years ago) Fish diversified and marine organisms were very abundant during the Paleozoic. Common Paleozoic fossils include trilobites and cephalopods such as squid, as well as insects and ferns. The greatest mass extinction in Earth's history ended this era. Learn more and visit parks the preserve ...Gondwana, also called Gondwanaland, ancient supercontinent that incorporated present-day South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, India, Australia, and Antarctica.It was fully assembled by Late Precambrian time, some 600 million years ago, and the first stage of its breakup began in the Early Jurassic Period, about 180 million years ago. The name …The Paleozoic Era: Diversification of Plant and Animal Life (The Geologic History of Earth) - ISBN 10: 1615301119 - ISBN 13: 9781615301119 - Britannica ...The temperature of a planet is linked with the diversity of life that it can support. MIT geologists have now reconstructed a timeline of the Earth’s temperature during the early Paleozoic era, between 510 and 440 million years ago — a pivotal period when animals became abundant in a previously microbe-dominated world. Viewed from space, the Paleozoic Earth would be a foreign world. During this era, seas flooded the continents and receded several times. During the early Paleozoic three small continents— Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica—split apart from the rest of the supercontinent Gondwana and formed the Lapetus Ocean in between.19 Ara 2019 ... Life starts in the seas and moves onto land. Paleozoic Era. Six periods : Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian.

N w georgia missed connections.

Brunette hair ombre.

The Paleozoic Era - green signposts; The Mesozoic Era - blue signposts; The Cenozoic Era - yellow signposts; Each Era is split into even smaller parts known as Periods and Epochs. These boundaries were first defined by the appearance (evolution) or disappearance (extinction) of fossil species in rocks. After the Cambrian Explosion, the Paleozoic was rather uneventful for the next 50 million years or so. According to a USGS website, which also informs any later explanation of the Paleozoic’s periods, the Cambrian Period is recognized by the formation of the supercontinent of Gondwana. During the Cambrian, North America was located near the ...Kids Encyclopedia Facts. The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era from the Greek palaios (παλαιός), "old" and zoe (ζωή), "life", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, lasting from 541 to 251.902 million years ago, and is subdivided into six geologic ...The Paleozoic Era. The Cambrian Period: Following the Precambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kinds of organisms in the Cambrian Period (544–505 million years ago).Many types of primitive …There were dramatic worldwide sea-level changes and oceanic turnovers (exchanges of bottom waters and surface waters) resulting in a moderate level of extinctions during the Period. The Silurian ended with a series of relatively minor extinction events linked to climate change. * The Silurian was named by Murchison in 1839 for the Silures, …The Permian period lasted from 299 to 251 million years ago* and was the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The distinction between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic is made at the end of the Permian in recognition of the largest mass extinction recorded in the history of life on Earth. It affected many groups of organisms in many different ...Figure 1.107. Rock formations exposed in the Grand Canyon were originally deposited in different stages during the Precambrian and Paleozoic Eras.Some layers were deposited in shallow oceans, others layers accumulated on land. Figure 1.108. A block diagram of the Grand Canyon shows the names of rock formations separated by unconformities …Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the only reason. In this video, SciShow explains a few other reasons you might skip a period. Pregnancy is the most common reason for a missed period, but it’s not the on...Gymnosperms are heterosporous seed plants that produce naked seeds. They appeared in the Paleozoic period and were the dominant plant life during the Mesozoic. Modern-day gymnosperms belong to four phyla. The largest phylum, Coniferophyta, is represented by conifers, the predominant plants at high altitude and latitude.Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history.The Geologic Time Scale is divided into four classes of measured time. List in order from largest to smallest. Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like List all Eons in order. (Oldest to Youngest), List all Eras in order (Oldest to Youngest), List all Eras in Archean Eon (Oldest to Youngest ...The earliest occurrence of trees in the fossil record occurred during which Paleozoic period? A. Devonian B. Mississippian C. Ordovician D. Pennsylvanian and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 2. What term describes a shallow sea covering interior parts of a continent? A. Continental Sea B. Epicontinental Sea ... ….

Online exhibits: Geologic time scale. The Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era is the most recent of the three major subdivisions of animal history. The other two are the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Eras. The Cenozoic spans only about 65 million years, from the end of the Cretaceous Period and the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs to the present. The …Paleozoic Era · All · Cambrian Period · Ordovician Period · Silurian Period · Devonian Period · Carboniferous Period · Permian Period.By the Pennsylvanian Period, the evolution of terrestrial plants and animals had advanced to the point where true forests were developed ... Part of a series of articles titled Geologic Time Periods in the Paleozoic Era. Previous: Permian Period—298.9 to 251.9 MYA. Next: Mississippian Period—358.9 to 323.2 MYA Tags big ...Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and... Tertiary Period. Tertiary Period, former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. Periods. Just as eons are subdivided into eras, eras are subdivided into units of time called periods. The most well known of all geological periods is the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era (the movie Jurassic Park, of course, has something to do with that). The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods. Carboniferous Period, fifth interval of the Paleozoic Era, succeeding the Devonian Period and preceding the Permian Period. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous Period began approximately 358.9 million years ago and ended 298.9 million years ago. Its duration of approximately 60 millionThe Paleozoic rock layers are more than 1,500 feet thick in some places and were deposited over a span of 130 million years during the three geologic time periods known as the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Devonian (Fig. 2). The manner in which they were deposited varied through time, and is described in greater detail in two parts:It is the period when Pangaea was broken and the Tethys Sea came into existence. It marks the beginning of life on the earth’s surface. The rocks of this is the period saw plenty of fossil evidences. These are seen in all geological formations from this period. They also indicated marine conditions in these Paleozoic rocks in India.Feb 22, 2022 · Paleozoic Era. Paleozoic Era, from approximately 543 to 252 MYA, is divided into these Periods: Cambrian - 543 to 505 MYA; The first Period of this Era is named the Cambrian and is known for the ... Feb 28, 2020 · Eons are divided into eras, which are further divided into periods, epochs, and ages. Geologic dating is extremely imprecise. For example, although the date listed for the beginning of the Ordovician period is 485 million years ago, it is actually 485.4 with an uncertainty (plus or minus) of 1.9 million years. Paleozoic periods, Oceanic conditions and biological richness resulted in the greatest production of carbonate during the Paleozoic Era. The Devonian saw major evolutionary advancements by fishes with diversification and dominance in both marine and fresh water environments—the Devonian is also known as the “Age of Fishes.”. Jawless fish and …, During the early part of the Paleozoic Era (approximately 600 million to 350 million years ago), broad, relatively shallow seas repeatedly inundated the Texas Craton and much of North and West Texas. The evidence for these events is found exposed around the Llano Uplift and in far West Texas near Van Horn and El Paso, and also in the subsurface ... , Paleozoic Era, major interval of geologic time that began 538.8 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended about 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history. The major, In addition to the relative dating of periods in Earth's history for which we have rocks preserved, geologists are now able to assign absolute age dates to critical intervals. In the Geologic Time Scale, time is generally divided on the basis of the earth's biotic composition, with the Phanerozoic Eon (i.e. the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic ..., The Devonian period is a geological interval in the Paleozoic Era that spans between the Silurian and the Carboniferous. It marks the first transition of vascular plants and certain animals from ..., The Paleozoic Era. The Cambrian Period: Following the Precambrian mass extinction, there was an explosion of new kinds of organisms in the Cambrian Period (544–505 million years ago).Many types of primitive …, Periods of the Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period (542–488 Million Years Ago). The first period in the Paleozoic Era is known as the Cambrian Period. Many... Ordovician Period (488–444 Million Years Ago). After the Cambrian Period came the Ordovician Period. This second period... Silurian Period (444–416 ..., The period, and the Paleozoic era, came to a calamitous close 251 million years ago, marking a biological dividing line that few animals crossed. The Permian extinction—the worst extinction ..., Another mountain uplift event occurred about 300 million years ago forming the “Ancestral Rocky Mountains” during the Pennsylvanian Period, followed by erosion of the Paleozoic Period sediments. From the middle of the Permian Period to the end of the Cretaceous Period about 65 million years ago, erosion and intermittent coverage by seas continued …, Viewed from space, the Paleozoic Earth would be a foreign world. During this era, seas flooded the continents and receded several times. During the early Paleozoic three small continents— Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica—split apart from the rest of the supercontinent Gondwana and formed the Lapetus Ocean in between., The most recent glaciation period, often known simply as the “Ice Age,” reached peak conditions some 18,000 years ago before giving way to the interglacial Holocene epoch 11,700 years ago., Geologists in North America use the terms “Mississippian” and “Pennsylvanian” to describe the time period between 358.9 and 298.9 million years ago. In other parts of the world, geologists use a single term and combine these two periods into the Carboniferous., 3 Eki 2008 ... The Paleozoic Era encompasses more than half of the Phanerozoic Eon, featuring some of the most intriguing unanswered questions in Earth history ..., The earliest occurrence of trees in the fossil record occurred during which Paleozoic period? A. Devonian B. Mississippian C. Ordovician D. Pennsylvanian and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 2. What term describes a shallow sea covering interior parts of a continent? A. Continental Sea B. Epicontinental Sea ..., The Paleozoic is divided into six periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Continental Masses. The ancient supercontinent of Rodinia, …, Carboniferous Period, fifth interval of the Paleozoic Era, succeeding the Devonian Period and preceding the Permian Period. In terms of absolute time, the Carboniferous Period began approximately 358.9 million years ago and ended 298.9 million years ago., Paleozoic Periods 251 my Permian Late Carboniferous Devonian Middl Silurian Ordovician Invereebaare animals without backbones. So many Cambrian kinds of invertebrates lived in Early Paleozoic 542 oceans that this time is often called the age Figure 7 The Paleozoic era lasted for 291 million years. of invertebrates. It is divided into six periods., Cenozoic (66 million years ago until today) means ‘recent life.’ During this era, plants and animals look most like those on Earth today. Periods of the Cenozoic Era are split into even smaller parts known as Epochs, so you will see even more signposts in this Era. Cenozoic signposts are colored yellow., The Paleozoic Era, which ran from 541 million to 251.9 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one supercontinent and the formation of..., Paleozoic Era. Paleozoic Era, from approximately 543 to 252 MYA, is divided into these Periods: Cambrian - 543 to 505 MYA; The first Period of this Era is named the Cambrian and is known for the ..., The Paleozoic is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous(in the U.S., this is divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods), and Permian. Most of these names derive from locations where rocks of these ages were first studied., The climate of the late Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Pleistocene, Holecene, and present eras are described. The development of the earth's temperature regime, biosphere, and the ..., Aug 24, 2022 · The Paleozoic Era is a time period in Earth’s history that lasted from 541 to 252 million years ago. It is divided into six periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian. The Cambrian Period was the first period of the Paleozoic Era. It lasted from 541 to 488 million years ago. , Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and... Tertiary Period. Tertiary Period, former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago., Results 1 - 60 of 104 ... Check out our paleozoic era selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our laptop decals shops., The Cambrian Period is the first geological time period of the Paleozoic Era (the "time of ancient life"). This period lasted from 541 million to 485.4 million years ago, or more than 55 million ..., Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era. The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago; it followed the Jurassic Period and... Tertiary Period. Tertiary Period, former official interval of geologic time lasting from approximately 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. , Geologists in North America use the terms “Mississippian” and “Pennsylvanian” to describe the time period between 358.9 and 298.9 million years ago. In other parts of the world, geologists use a single term and combine these two periods into the Carboniferous., The Paleozoic Era occurred from about 541 million years ago to about 252 million years ago. The meaning of the word Paleozoic derives from the Greek Word palaios – which means “ancient” and the Greek word zoe – which means “life.”. Which is an apt name for this period in Earth history because this is when life really began to take ... , Geologically speaking, the Piedmont region of Georgia features crystalline rocks, metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the late Precambrian Period to early Paleozoic Period, and a thick layer of decomposed rock called saprolite, which is th..., Trilobites are iconic Paleozoic fossils; they were more common in the Cambrian and Ordovician than in later periods, and became extinct at the end of the Permian. They were marine arthropods, and had well-defined head, tail, and thoracic (leg-bearing) segments. Most had large compound eyes, often with lenses that are visible to the naked eye., 28 Eki 2018 ... The Paleozoic Era started 542 million years ago with the emergence of complex life forms and ended 251 million years ago with the largest ..., It is shown that the main sedimentary, volcanogenic, volcanogenic-sedimentary and intrusive complexes were originated in the western part of the Central Asian fold belt (Paleozoic Kazakhstan) in ...